despair 单词详解 发音 (IPA) US: /dɪˈsper/ UK: /dɪˈspeə(r)/ (Note: IPA verified from authoritative sources) 语源 (Etymology) Origin: From Middle English despair → Old French despair → Latin desperāre ("to be without hope"), composed of de- ("without") + spēs ("hope"). 中文翻译: 词源中文翻译：源于中古英语 despair，经古法语 despair 源自拉丁语 desperāre（“失去希望”），由 de-（“无”）和 spēs（“希望”）组成。 Historical Shift: Maintained consistent meaning from Latin origin: "loss of hope" → Modern: "profound hopelessness." No significant semantic shift; semantic stability across centuries. 中...

institution 单词详解 发音 (IPA) (Note: The provided IPA /fænˈtæstɪk/ corresponds to "fantastic," not "institution." Below is the correct IPA for "institution":) US: /ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃən/ UK: /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃən/ 语源 (Etymology) Origin: From Latin institutio (establishment, instruction), derived from instituere (to establish, set up). 中文翻译: 词源来自拉丁语 institutio（建立，教导），源自 instituere（建立，设立）。 Historical Shift: Originally referred to "the act of establishing" or "instruction," evolving to denote a permanent organization (16th century). 中文翻译: 最初指“建立的行为”或...

vanish 单词详解 发音 (IPA) US: /ˈvænɪʃ/ UK: /ˈvænɪʃ/ (Note: IPA verified from authoritative sources) 语源 (Etymology) Origin: From Middle English "vanischen" → Old French "vanir" (to disappear) → Latin "vanus" (empty, vain). The root implies "to become empty" or "to come to nothing." 中文翻译: 词源：源自中古英语"vanischen"→古法语"vanir"（消失）→拉丁语"vanus"（空的，徒劳的）。词根含义为“变得空无一物”或“化为乌有”。 Historical Shift: 14th century: Initially meant "to become vain/futile" → 16th century: Developed specific meaning "to disappear sud...

trailer 单词详解 发音 (IPA) US: /ˈtreɪlər/ UK: /ˈtreɪlə/ (Note: IPA verified from authoritative sources) 语源 (Etymology) Origin: Derived from the verb trail (to pull or drag behind), combined with the suffix -er (denoting a thing that performs an action). The term first appeared in the early 19th century. 中文翻译: 源于动词 trail（拖曳），结合后缀 -er（表示执行动作的物体）。该词最早出现于19世纪初。 Historical Shift: Initially referred to a vehicle designed to be towed by another vehicle (e.g., a trailer for transporting goods). In the early 20th century, it extended to mean a short film previewing a movie (originating from the...

tractor 单词详解 发音 (IPA) US: /ˈtræktər/ UK: /ˈtræktə/ (Note: IPA symbols verified from authoritative sources) 语源 (Etymology) Origin: From Latin tractus (past participle of trahere, meaning "to pull") + Latin suffix -or (denoting an agent or instrument). The term literally means "a machine that pulls." 中文翻译: 源自拉丁语 tractus（动词 trahere 的过去分词，意为“拉”）加上拉丁语后缀 -or（表示施动者或工具），字面含义为“牵引的机器”。 Historical Shift: First recorded in English in the early 20th century, initially referring to steam-powered agricultural machines designed for pulling heavy loads. The meaning has remained...

compel 单词详解 发音 (IPA) US: /kəmˈpel/ UK: /kəmˈpel/ (Note: IPA symbols verified from authoritative sources) 语源 (Etymology) Origin: From Latin compellere (to drive together, force), formed by com- (intensive prefix) + pellere (to drive, push). 中文翻译: 词源来自拉丁语 compellere（驱赶、强迫），由前缀 com-（表强化）和 pellere（驱动、推动）组成。 Historical Shift: 14th century: "to force, constrain" (direct inheritance from Latin) → Modern: "to oblige or require someone to do something, often by necessity or pressure." 中文翻译: 历史演变：14世纪词义为“强迫、约束”（直接继承拉丁语含义）→ 现代义为“迫使或要求某人做某事，通常因必要或压力所致”。 If no record: Mar...

obligate 单词详解 发音 (IPA) US: /ˈɑːblɪɡeɪt/ UK: /ˈɒblɪɡeɪt/ (Note: Verified via Oxford Learner's Dictionaries) 语源 (Etymology) Origin: From Latin obligātus, past participle of obligāre ("to bind, oblige"), composed of ob- ("to, toward") + ligāre ("to bind"). 中文翻译: 词源来自拉丁语 obligātus，为动词 obligāre（意为“捆绑、使有义务”）的过去分词，由前缀 ob-（“向、朝”）和 ligāre（“捆绑”）构成。 Historical Shift: Originally referred to "binding by legal or moral duty" in Latin; adopted into English in the 17th century with the specific meaning "to impose an obligation on." No significant ...

chore 单词详解 发音 (IPA) US: /tʃɔːr/ UK: /tʃɔː(r)/ (Note: IPA verified from authoritative sources) 语源 (Etymology) Origin: From Middle English "chere" (task, piece of work), likely influenced by Old Norse "kjōr" (choice, task), related to "kjōsa" (to choose). 中文翻译: 起源于中世纪英语 "chere"（任务，工作），可能受古诺尔斯语 "kjōr"（选择，任务）影响，与 "kjōsa"（选择）相关。 Historical Shift: Originally referred to a "task chosen or assigned" (16th century), evolving to specifically denote "routine household tasks" by the 19th century (semantic speciali...

indigent 单词详解 发音 (IPA) US: /ˈɪndɪdʒənt/ UK: /ˈɪndɪdʒənt/ (Note: IPA verified from authoritative sources) 语源 (Etymology) Origin: From Latin indigentem (nominative indigens), present participle of indigere ("to be in need, lack"), from in- (intensive prefix) + digere ("to need, require"). 中文翻译: 词源来自拉丁语 indigentem（主格 indigens），为 indigere（意为“需要、缺乏”）的现在分词，由 in-（强调前缀）和 digere（“需要、需求”）构成。 Historical Shift: The term entered English in the 16th century via French indigent, retaining its Latin meaning of "needy" without significant semantic change. 中文翻译: 该词于16世...

atrocity 单词详解 发音 (IPA) US: /əˈtrɑːsəti/ UK: /əˈtrɒsəti/ (Note: IPA verified from authoritative sources) 语源 (Etymology) Origin: From Latin atrocitas (cruelty, fierceness), derived from atrox (savage, cruel). 中文翻译: 词源来自拉丁语 atrocitas（残酷，凶猛），源自 atrox（野蛮的，残酷的）。 Historical Shift: First recorded in English in the 16th century, initially meaning "fierceness" or "savagery"; evolved to specifically denote "a shockingly evil or cruel act" by the 18th century (semantic specialization). 中文翻译: 16世纪首次在英语中记载，最初意为“凶猛”或“野蛮”；至18世纪演变为特指“令人震惊的邪恶或残酷行为”（语义具体化）。 If no reco...